Salmonellosis in Poultry: Understanding its role as a source of antimicrobial resistance and exploring phage therapy as a novel intervention strategy in Pakistan (A Systematic Review)

Document Type : Review

Authors

Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

10.22069/psj.2026.24032.2406

Abstract

The current systematic review was designed to determine the prevalence of salmonellosis and its role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pakistani poultry. The effectiveness of bacteriophage therapy as a targeted intervention to address the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was also evaluated. The systematic review on the available literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standards using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Pakistan-based journals, published between 2000 and 2025. The inclusion criteria were studies on salmonellosis in poultry (broilers, layers, breeders, poultry meat, cloacal swabs, internal organs, and farm environments) which included prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility or bacteriophage intervention information. After eliminating duplicates, 892 records were screened, 256 full-text articles were evaluated for eligibility and 112 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The ROBINS-I tool was used to determine the risk of bias, and due to a high methodological heterogeneity of the studies, the narrative synthesis was conducted rather than a meta-analysis. The literature included in this study has shown that Salmonella enterica is continuously circulated in Pakistani poultry production systems, with broiler flocks and poultry meat being the most common sources of investigation. The most common serovars were  Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Gallinarum, which showed antimicrobial resistance against some of the most important antimicrobials, especially colistin and ciprofloxacin. The resistance patterns of these antimicrobials were not consistent across studies depending on geographical area, poultry species and testing system. Experimental research has shown that lytic bacteriophage preparations decreased intestinal Salmonella colonization by around 3-5 log CFU/g in controlled conditions, with promise as targeted antimicrobial substitutes, but present information is mostly restricted to laboratory and pilot-scale studies. In conclusion, poultry farming is a significant source of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in Pakistan. Bacteriophage therapy is a potential complementary therapy but further field-scale testing, regulatory authorization, biosafety analysis and incorporation with current biosecurity and vaccination booster programs are needed prior to commercial adoption.

Keywords

References

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Poultry Science Journal
Volume 14, Issue 2
November 2026
Pages 139-144

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