ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Use of Housing System in the Management of Heat Stress in Poultry Production in Hot and Humid Climate: a Review
There is a gap between the population growth and protein supply in many tropical countries where per capita income is low and the majority of people consume less protein than a daily standard for recommended protein intake. Poultry egg production remains the fastest route to bridging the protein demand-supply gap in these regions. However, poultry are faced with heat stress in the tropics which is deleterious to health and productive performance of laying and meat production. In addition, the problem limits dietary protein supply in the affected countries. The harmful effects of heat stress may be alleviated if attention is paid to sources of heat generation in the design and construction of the open poultry houses. This review discusses the internal climatic conditions of the poultry houses, how the birds respond to them, and their implications on heat management for poultry production. Hence, this paper provides pertinent information for guidance on parameters for open poultry houses architectural design that ensures optimum climatic conditions that will alleviate heat stress problem in poultry production in hot and humid climate.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_3998_854f51f3b83faafc4eca01728c6a0f55.pdf
2018-04-01
1
9
10.22069/psj.2018.13880.1284
Heat stress
Laying hen
Poultry house design
Hot and humid climate
A
Oloyo
ayodeji.oloyo@federalpolyilaro.edu.ng
1
Department of Architectural Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
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67
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of In Ovo Injection of VG/GA Vaccine, an Apathogenic Enteric Strain of Newcastle Disease Vaccine and Aluminum Hydroxide as an Adjuvant on Hatchability and Immune Response of Commercial Pullets
Current vaccination strategies for commercial poultry using live attenuated and inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines have some limitation and difficulties, and new vaccines with distinct features are needed. Recently, in ovo vaccination technology is concerned as a safe, efficacious, and convenient method. Common ND vaccines used in chickens cannot be employed in ovo due to embryo toxicity and high early mortality. One of the agents that may lead to attenuate ND virus (NDV) strains is aluminum hydroxide (AH) as an adjuvant. The objective of this study was to evaluate AH ability to attenuate NDV for in ovo administration of commercial pullets. Three hundred sixty fertile eggs of a Bovans strain as a factorial arrangement of six doses of the ND vaccine (50% egg infectious (EID50) of 0, 102, 103, 104, 105, and 106) with or without AH were ordered into 12 groups. At 18 d of incubation 0.1 mL of the inoculums was injected into the amniotic fluid of eggs. On the farm, each treatment group was further subdivided into two groups and one of these groups received ND-B1 vaccine on day seven post-hatch. Lowest hatchability was recorded in groups vaccinated with doses of 105 and 106 EID50. On day 21, the highest hem agglutination inhibition (HI) was detected for group vaccinated with dose 102 EID50. Furthermore, hatchability and ND-HI titer were found to be up for pullets received AH in ovo on day 42 posthatch. The results of this study indicated that aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant could significantly improve hatchability and immune efficacy of pullets when used in ovo. Further, lentogenic VG/GA strain-Avinew will have the potential for application as in ovo vaccine against Newcastle disease, if the vaccine is prepared with sufficient dose.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_3999_8fb7210f539db0a8e1cb7730b2a65fd4.pdf
2018-04-01
11
18
10.22069/psj.2018.14052.1291
Avinew
Adjuvant
Hatchability
Aluminum hydroxide
P
Soleimani Roudi
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
A
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
MR
Bassami
3
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
AR
Haghparast
4
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
R
Majidzadeh Heravi
5
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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13
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17
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18
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19
Ohta H, Ezoe S, Yamazaki K, Kawai T & Honda T. 2009. Application of aluminum hydroxide for an in ovo live Newcastle disease vaccine. Avian Diseases, 53:392-395. DOI: 10.1637/8555-120908-Reg.1
20
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21
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22
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23
Reed SG, Orr MT & Fox CB. 2013. Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Nature Medicine, 19:1597-1608. DOI: 10.1038/nm.3409
24
Ricks C, Avakian A, Bryan T, Gildersleeve R, Haddad E, Ilich R, King S, Murray L, Phelps P, Poston R& Whitfill C. 1999. In ovo vaccination technology. Advances in Veterinary Medicine, 41:495-515.
25
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26
Saravanabava K, Nachimuthu K & Padmanaban V. 2005. Effect of tuftsin on embryo vaccination with Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 28:269-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.03.003
27
Senne D, King D & Kapczynski D. 2003. Control of Newcastle disease by vaccination. Developments in Biologicals, 119:165-170.
28
Stone H, Mitchell B & Brugh M. 1997. In ovo vaccination of chicken embryos with experimental Newcastle disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Diseases, 41:856-863. DOI: 10.2307/1592339
29
Thapa S, Cader MSA, Murugananthan K, Nagy E, Sharif S, Czub M & Abdul-Careem MF. 2015. In ovo delivery of CpG DNA reduces avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus induced mortality and morbidity. Viruses, 7:1832-1852. DOI: 10.3390/v7041832
30
Wang M, Meng X, Yang R, Qin T, Li Y, Zhang L, Fei C, Zhen W, Zhang K, Wang X, Hu Y & Xue F. 2013. Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides can improve the immune efficacy of Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 59:178-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.007.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Morpholog yin Broiler Chickens
This study evaluates the effects of different levels of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplement on growth performance and gut morphology in broilers (Ross 308 strain) raised at high altitude (2100 m). A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicate pens of 15 birds in each. Five dietary treatments were prepared by supplementing GAA at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg to corn-soy based diet and fed to broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Results indicated that weight gain and feed:gain ratio was significantly improved in the chickens when GAA was supplemented to control diet. Carcass and breast yields were significantly increased by GAA supplementation at 1 g/kg relative to the control. On the other hand, dietary inclusion of GAA significantly (p < 0.05)reduced the proportions of liver, heart and abdominal fat when compared to the control. The villus height, width and absorptive surface area in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum sections were significantly improved at GAA supplementation above 0.5 g/kg. However, the crypt depth showed a significant decrease in all parts of the small intestine compared to the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with GAA could be an effective strategy to improve growth performance and gut function.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4000_7303ba96b35349a7c04d6695c5e0a2b8.pdf
2018-04-01
19
24
10.22069/psj.2018.13854.1279
Broiler
Performance
Guanidinoacetic acid
Intestinal morphology
B
Ahmadipour
ahmadipour.behnam@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
F
Khajali
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
AUTHOR
MR
Sharifi
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
AUTHOR
Basoo H, Khajali F, Khoshoui EA, Faraji M &Wideman RF. 2012. Re-evaluation of arginine requirements for broilers exposed to hypobaric condition during the 3-to 6-week period. Journal of Poultry Science, 49: 303-307. DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0110133
1
Dilger RN, Bryant-Angeloni K, Payne RL, Lemme A & Parsons CM. 2013. Dietary guanidino acetic acid is an efficacious replacement for arginine for young chicks. Poultry Science, 92:171–177.DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02425
2
Foye OT, Ferket PR &Uni Z. 2007. The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate, and protein on jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults. Poultry Science, 86:2343–2349.DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00110
3
Hassanpour H,ZamaniMoghaddamAK, Khosravi M &Mayahi M. 2013. Effects of synbiotic on the intestinal morphology and humoral immune response in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 153:116-122.DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.004
4
Heger J, Zelenka J, Machander V, de la Cruz C, Lešták M &Hampel D. 2014. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation to broiler diets with varying energy content. ActaUniversitatisAgriculturae et SilviculturaeMendelianaeBrunensis, 62:477–485.DOI: 10.11118/actaun201462030477
5
Khajali F &Wideman RF. 2010. Dietary arginine: metabolic, environmental, immunological and physiological interrelationships. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66:751-766.DOI: 10.1017/S0043933910000711
6
Khajali F, HeydaryMoghaddam M &Hassanpour H. 2014. An L-Arginine supplement improves broiler hypertensive response and gut function in broiler chickens reared at high altitude. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58:1175-1179. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0710-7
7
KodambashiEmami N, Golian A, Rhoads DD &DaneshMesgaran M. 2017. Interactive effects of temperature and dietary supplementation of arginine or guanidinoacetic acid on nutritional and physiological responses in male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 58: 87-94. DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1257779
8
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12
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15
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21
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24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Response of Broiler Chickens to Triticale-Based Diets Supplemented with Microbial Enzymes (1. Growth and Intestinal Function)
A total of 384 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 8 dietary treatments to examine the influence of supplementation with xylanase and phytase, individually or in combination, in diets based on two new cultivars of triticale (Bogong and Canobolas). The inclusion of phytase alone in either Bogong or Canobolas diets increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and body weight; however, the effect of grain was not significant. The ileal digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, starch, calcium, and phosphorus was increased by inclusion of phytase and xylanase (P < 0.05). The interaction between xylanase and phytase positively influenced (P < 0.01) the digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, calcium, and phosphorus. Ileal viscosity was decreased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of xylanase and phytase individually or in combination. The inclusion of phytase and xylanase increased (P < 0.001) the phytate-P degradation. Birds on Bogong-based diet had a higher (P < 0.05) degradation of phytate than those on the Canobolas-based diet. The weight of various visceral organs on day 7 was not affected by the inclusion of enzymes, nevertheless the weight of proventriculus plus gizzard was higher (P < 0.01) for chickens offered Canobolas-based than chicks on the Bogong-based diets. On day 21, the liver weight was reduced (P < 0.001) by the inclusion of phytase. An interaction (P < 0.01) between grain and phytase inclusion led to an increased weight of proventriculus plus gizzard on the Bogong diets with phytase. The inclusion of xylanase increased (P < 0.01) maltase activity at the jejunum on day 7, while it decreased the pancreatic protein content on day 21. The activity of chymotrypsin amidase was reduced (P < 0.01) by the inclusion of phytase. These results show that supplementation of phytase and xylanase to triticale-based diets can improve broiler performance by increasing the activities of some digestive enzymes and nutrient utilization.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4001_a16df80492a49d2b2114f55635871f99.pdf
2018-04-01
25
40
10.22069/psj.2018.13811.1280
Triticale
Phytase
Intestine
Xylanase
Broiler chickens
AE
Widodo
1
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
JV
Nolan
2
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
M
Akter
3
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
HM
O’Neill
4
AB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, UK
AUTHOR
P
Iji
pauladeiji@gmail.com
5
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Annison G & Choct M. 1991. Anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets and strategies minimizing their effects. World's Poultry Science Journal, 47: 232-242. DOI: 10.1079/WPS19910019
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Response of Broiler Chickens to Triticale-Based Diets Supplemented with Microbial Enzymes (2. Microbial Profiles and Activities)
The microbial profiles and activities of microbes in the digesta from chickens on diets containing Bogong or Canobolas with or without inclusion of microbial enzymes were investigated on the 384 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens. There was a reduction in population of C. perfringens (P < 0.01) of the ileum as a result of interaction between cultivar and xylanase. On the other hand, in the ceca, the population of entero bacteria were reduced (P < 0.01) by the interaction between grain and phytase, as well as the interaction between grain, xylanase and phytase. Also, the inclusion of xylanase reduced the population of C. perfringensin the ceca. The cecal concentration of acetic acid (P < 0.05) and butyric plus isobutyric acid (P <0.01) was increased in birds received Bogong and Canobolas diets. Supplementation of xylanase in Bogong diets increased (grain x xylanase, p < 0.05) the acetic acid and lactic acid concentration in ceca while the reversed was the case for Canobolas diets. The ileal and cecal pH was not affected by grain, the inclusion of xylanase and phytase or interactions between these factors. It can be concluded that diets containing Bogong or Canobolas diets supplemented with phytase and xylanase influenced the microbial profile and their activities in gastrointestinal tract which may be due to the variation in nutrient content of these two cultivars.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4002_978a6b8b9570cf9246ab8c3d3f1c7366.pdf
2018-04-01
41
50
10.22069/psj.2018.13813.1281
Triticale
Phytase
Xylanase
Broiler chicken
Microbial profiles
AE
Widodo
1
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
JV
Nolan
2
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
M
Akter
3
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
HM
O’Neill
4
AB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, UK
AUTHOR
P
Iji
pauladeiji@gmail.com
5
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
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28
Widodo AE, O’Neill HM & Iji PA. 2011. Energy utilization and productivity of broiler chickens on diets containing triticale and supplemented with microbial enzymes. Australasian Medical Journal, 4: 739.
29
Widodo AE, Nolan JV & Iji PA. 2015. The nutritional value of new varieties of high-yielding triticale: Feeding value of triticale for broiler chickens. South African Journal of Animal Science, 45: 74-81. DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v45i1.9
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Physiological Responses to Dietary Administration of Zinc Bacitracin and Bacillus Mixture on Low-Weight Day-Old Chicks
This study investigated the responses of low-weight day-old chicks to zinc bacitracin and Bacillus mixture on growth performance, hematology, intestinal selected microbiota populations, and carcass characteristics. A total of 192 unsexed Lohman MB-202 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups of 48 chicks each (6 replicates of 8 chicks) and fed for 35 days. The four treatments were CONT (basal diet without supplementation), AGP (basal diet with 0.04% zinc bacitracin), PROB (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture), and PROB+AGP (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture and 0.04% zinc bacitracin). There were no significant differences in final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The relative weight of thymus was higher (p = 0.01) in AGP than that in PROB and PROB+AGP birds. Birds in PROB+AGP had lower (p = 0.04) values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme compared to those in CONT and AGP groups, but the difference was not significant when compared with birds in PROB group. Serum creatinine was lower (p < 0.01) in PROB+AGP than in CONT and AGP birds. Birds in AGP group tended (P = 0.09) to have higher globulin concentration in the serum compared to other birds. There was also a tendency (p = 0.07) for PROB+AGP birds to have higher albumin to globulin ratio compared with other birds. There was more lactic acid bacteria in ileal digesta (p = 0.05) in PROB+AGP than in AGP birds, but the difference was not significant when compared to CONT and PROB birds. Birds in AGP group had higher (P = 0.05) relative breast weight compared to other birds. In conclusion, Bacillus mixture did not affect performance and hematological parameters, but increased the intestinal population of lactic acid bacteria in broiler chicks.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4003_0972ed1ca2aaecbf143c6f87b636b29d.pdf
2018-04-01
51
62
10.22069/psj.2018.14251.1301
Probiotic
In-feed antibiotic
Multi-strains Bacillus
Low weight day-old chick
S
Sugiharto
sgh_undip@yahoo.co.id
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
LEAD_AUTHOR
T
Yudiarti
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
I
Isroli
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
E
Widiastuti
4
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Nutritional Quality of Quail Feeds Used in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Uganda: Chemical and Energy Composition
Quail production is steadily gaining importance in developing countries like Uganda, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. However, inappropriate feeding practices such as using the same feed classes across different growth stagesor beyond the recommended growth stageshave been reported among quail farmers. This study evaluated the nutritional properties of quail diets used in urban and peri-urban areas of Uganda. Samples of three classes of quail feeds(starter, grower, and layer diets) were collected from quail farmers and poultry feed suppliers in Mukono, Kampala, and Wakiso districts. The samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), ether extract, crude fiber (CF), ash, calcium, phosphorus, and gross energy contents and then metabolizable energy (ME) contents of the samples were calculated. The data were compared with the minimum dietary specifications recommended for quails in the tropics. Results revealed a high variation in the nutritional quality and that the diets did not conform to the recommended specifications.The average CPcontents of starter and grower diets from farmers (17% and 15.9%, respectively) and feed suppliers (15.7% and 16.8%, respectively) were far lower (p < 0.05) than the minimum specifications for low-protein diets (24% and 20%, respectively). The average ME contents for all the feed classes were also lower (p < 0.05) than the minimum specifications. The diets were characterized by high ash and CF contents (averages ranged between 17.1-20.2% for ash and 5.5-6.3% for CF). The chemical and energy values obtained were in the range reported for chicken diets (in Uganda), which points to the use of diets formulated for chickens in quail feeding. In conclusion, it is necessaryto train and sensitize quail farmers and feed suppliersabout the benefits of using quail diets with adequate protein content, preferably produced based on protein sources that attract less or no competition from humans. Future research should identify such protein sources, their nutritional properties, and their potential use in quail diets.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4004_4f7d8126fa818641ff92fe18f1bc2cde.pdf
2018-04-01
63
70
10.22069/psj.2018.14150.1294
Nutritional adequacy
Quail feeding practices
Urban and peri-urban Uganda
J
Nasaka
joelianasaka@gmail.com
1
Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
LEAD_AUTHOR
JB
Nizeyi
2
Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
AUTHOR
S
Okello
3
Department of Livestock and Industrial Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
AUTHOR
CB
Katongole
4
Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
AUTHOR
Altine S, Sabo MN, Muhammad N, Abubakar A &Saulawa LA.2016.Basic nutrient requirements of the domestic quails under tropical conditions: A review. World Scientific News, 49: 223-235.
1
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2
Ayasan T. 2013. Effects of dietary Yucca schidigera on hatchability of Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 83: 641-644.
3
Bawa GS,Lombin LH, Karsin P, Musa U, PayiE &Shamaki D.2011. Response of Japanese breeder quails to varying dietary protein levels in the tropics. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production,38: 43-54.
4
Carew SN, Oluremi OIA &Wambutda EP. 2005. The quality of commercial poultry feeds in Nigeria: a case study of feeds inMakurdi, Benue State. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 26:47–50. DOI: 10.4314/nvj.v26i1.3483
5
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7
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8
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11
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16
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17
Nasaka J, Nizeyi JB, Okello S &Katongole CB. 2017. Characterization of feeding management practices of quails in urban areas of Uganda. Journal ofAnimal and VeterinaryAdvances, 16: 92-100. DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2017.92.100
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Padmakumar B, Reghunanthan Nair G, Ramakrishnan A, Unni AKK&Ravindranathan N. 2000.Effect of floor density on production performance of Japanese quails reared in cages and deep litter. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 31: 37-39.
21
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22
Poynter G, Huss D & Lansford R. 2009. Japanese quail: an efficient animal model for the production of transgenic avians. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 4. DOI: 10.1101/pdb.emo112.
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Prabakaran R. 2003. Good Practices inPlanning and Management of Integrated Commercial Poultry Production in South Asia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 159. 97 Pages.
24
Priti M & Satish S. 2014. Quail farming: An introduction. International Journal of Life Sciences, 2: 190-193.
25
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26
Sehu A, Cengiz O &Cakir S. 2005.The effects of diets including different energy and protein levels on egg production and quality in quails. Indian Veterinary Journal, 82: 1291-1294.
27
Tarasewicz Z, Ligocki M, Szczerbińska D, Majewska D &Dańczak A. 2006.Different level of crude protein and energy–protein ratio in adult quail diets. Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf, 49: 325-331.
28
Tobiko NS. 2015. Quail farming boom in Uganda despite Kenya’s fiasco. Smart Agriculture Guide. Empowering farmers to realize economic and food security.https://smartagricultureguide.wordpress.com/2015/.../quail-farming-boom-in-uganda
29
Tuleun CD, Adenkola AY &Yenle FG. 2013.Performance and erythrocyte osmotic membrane stability of laying Japanese quails (Coturnixcoturnixjapanica) fed varying dietary protein levels in hot-humid Tropics. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 4: 6-13. DOI:10.5251/abjna.2013.4.1.6.13
30
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31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of High and Low Stocking Density on Age of Maturity, Egg Production, Egg Size Distribution in White and Brown Layer Hens: A Meta-analysis
Data of four layers flocks (#31-34) from North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services were used in the meta-analysis to find if an increase in space allowance can affect egg production traits in white and brown layers. Effects of space allowance of 310 and 413 cm2/bird on layers performance were compared in this study. The increase in space allowance resulted in a significant improvement in egg production, egg mass and daily feed intake in both white and brown layers throughout the first (approximately 490-d; p < 0.001) and second (approximately till 760-d; p < 0.05) cycles of egg production.Space allowance did not affect age of maturity and final body weight at the end of first egg production cycle in both types of layers. Increasing birds space allowance resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate of white layers (p < 0.001) in the first egg production cycle and in the first (p =0.015) and second (p =0.027) egg production cycles in brown layers. The increase in space allowance significantly improved egg weight (p < 0.001) in white layers in the first egg production cycle. A significant increase in egg weight was observed in the first (p =0.014) and second (p =0.050) egg production cycles in brown layers in response to increasing birds space allowance. Egg size distribution was significantly influenced by the space allowance during both egg production cycles in white and brown layers. Space allowance is a management tool that can be used to optimize egg production traits, mortality and egg size distribution in both white and brown layers. Space allowance of 413 cm2/bird could significantly improve egg production and egg size distribution in first and second egg production cycle compared to 310 cm2/bird.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4005_b751f00032681b0b413dd6cc00bb38da.pdf
2018-04-01
71
87
10.22069/psj.2018.14112.1292
Layer hen
meta-analysis
Egg production
Space allowance
Egg size distribution
R
Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
R
Bakhshalinejad
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
KE
Anderson
3
Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
AUTHOR
A
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Adams AW & Craig JV. 1985. Effect of crowding and cage shape on productivity and profitability of caged layers: A survey. PoultryScience, 64: 238-242. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0640238
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Miswak(Salvadorapersica)asaHerbalAdditive in Broiler Chickens
We determined the effects of dietary supplementation of different doses of Miswak (Salvadorapersica) steam and leaf powder on the performance, blood parameters, cecal flora, and carcass traits of broilers. Four hundred and eight one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were provided one of the following experimental diets over 42 days: a basal diet without any additives, or a basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% Miswak powder. Four replicates of 17 birds were allocated to each treatment. Neither broiler performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) during starter (d 1-21), finisher (d 22-42), and the overall period (d 1-42) of the study, nor blood parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were influenced by experimental treatments (P > 0.05). Chicks fed diets containing 0.4% Miswak had higher (p < 0.05) cecal Lactobacillus than the control group at day 42. Furthermore, 0.6% and 0.8% Miswak reduced the number of cecal E coli compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in carcass yield and the relative weights of thigh, breast, and abdominal fat at day 42 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, we found that supplementation with Miswak powder had no beneficial effects on performance and blood parameters of broilers, but could improve cecal bacteria counts at levels greater than 0.4%.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4006_08a289248974cae5f6068310acba02ca.pdf
2018-04-01
89
97
10.22069/psj.2018.14348.1304
Cecal bacteria
Blood metabolite
Broiler performance
Herbal feed additive
Miswak(Salvadorapersica)
M
Houshmand
hooshmand@yu.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M
Nikouzad Shahraki
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
AUTHOR
MR
Bahreini Behzadi
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
AUTHOR
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2
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40
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42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Levels of Nano-selenium on Performance, Blood Parameters, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics of BroilerChickens
The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that nano- seleniuminclusion in broilers’ diets can improve productivity and metabolic functions of broilers.Feed and water were provided ad libitum. A total of 180 one-day old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to six groups based on a completely randomized design, each with three replicates of 10 birds. One of the groups served as the control (CON) and was given a basal diet without further dietary supplementation, whereas the other five groups were offered the same starterandgrower diets further supplemented with dietary nano-selenium (NS) at 0.1 mg/kg of feed (NS1), 0.2 mg/kg of feed (NS2), 0.3 mg/kg of feed (NS3), 0.4 mg/kg of feed (NS4), and 0.5 mg/kg of feed (NS5). Nano-selenium dietary supplementation significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in starter (1st-21st day), grower (22nd-42nd day) and whole (1st-42nd) periods of experiment (p < 0.05). At the same time, energy and protein utilization was more efficient in NS supplemented groups than the control (P < 0.05). Breast and drumsticks percentages had higher values in the NS supplemented birds than the control (P < 0.05), while abdominal fat percentage had lower values in the NS supplemented birds than the control (P < 0.05).Significant differences in relative weight of testes were observed between treatments (p < 0.05). Glucose and total protein concentrations in blood plasma were not significantly different among the experimental groups (P >0.05). While, albumin levels in blood were decreased and anti-Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titer was increased after the dietary supplementation with the nano-selenium (p < 0.05). As conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the supplementation of nano-selenium in broiler diets could improve growth performance, carcass components and immune function, without negative effects on internal organs, and other carcass parameters and gastrointestinal parts.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4007_1b8dc6b15959165e9198cce1b316a96a.pdf
2018-04-01
99
108
10.22069/psj.2018.13815.1276
Immunity
hematology
Broiler chicken
Nano-selenium
M
Ahmadi
m_ahmadi@ilam-iau.ac.ir
1
1Department of Animal Science, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A
Ahmadian
2
Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
AR
Seidavi
3
Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Aviagen, 2014. Ross 308 broiler: Nutrition Specification. Aviagen, Scotland, UK.
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2
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