The Effects of Silymarin on Oxidative Status and Bone Characteristics in Japanese Quail Subjected to Oxidative Stress Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

Document Type: Original Paper

Authors

1 Department of Animal and Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 PhD Student of Horticulture Department of Shiraz University, Iran

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of Silymarin on oxidative status, bone characteristics, and some blood parameters in Japanese quail subjected to oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with four replicates, each with 30 birds, using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two doses of Silymarin (0 and 1 mL/kg BW) and CCl4 (0 and 1 mL/kg BW). Results revealed that the interaction between Silymarin and CCl4on concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase were significant (P < 0.05). In contrast, concentrations of phosphorus, total protein, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in blood serum did not differ between experimental treatments. Experimental treatments had a significant effect on superoxide dismutase activity in blood serum (P < 0.05), but not on glutathione peroxide activity and malondialdehyde concentration. Experimental treatments significantly affected the weight, thickness, and external and internal diameters of tibia bone (P < 0.05), but not its length, ash, volume, and density. This study shows that Silymarin has potential to attenuate adverse effects of oxidative stress induced by CCl4 in Japanese quail.

Keywords

References

Amiridumari H, Sarir H, Afzali N & Fani Makki O. 2013. Effects of milk thistle seed against aflatoxin B1 in broiler model. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 18: 786-790.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1980. Method of Analysis 13th Edition. Washington, DC.

Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M & Khastehkhodaie Z. 2010. Chronic treatment of silymarin improves hyperalgesia and motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic neuropathic rat. Phytotherapy Research, 24: 1120-1125. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3078

Basu S, Michaëlsson K, Olofsson H, Johansson S & Melhus H. 2001. Association between oxidative stress and bone mineral density. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 288:275–279. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5747

Bergman A, Olsson M & Reiland S. 1992. Skull-bone lesions in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). AMBIO, 21: 517–519.

Case GL, He L, Mo H & Elson CE. 1995. Induction of geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by cholesterol-suppressive isoprenoids. Lipids, 30: 357-359. DOI: 10.1007/BF02536045

Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM & Chern JC. 2002.  Estimation of total flavonoid content in proplis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10: 178-182.

Clawson  GA.  1989.  Mechanisms   of   carbon     tetrachloride    hepatotoxicity.     Journal     of Pathology and Immunopathology Research, 8: 104-112. DOI: 10.1159/000157141

Ding TM, Tian SJ, Zhang ZX, Gu DZ, Chen YF, Shi YH & Sun ZP. 2001. Determination of active component in Silymarin by PR-LC and LC/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 26: 155-161. DOI: 10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00364-8

Ebrahimi R, Mohamadabadi T, Sari M, Salari S, Zamiri MJ & Beige Nasiri MT. 2013. Effect of Silymarin against lead induced in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 5: 302-312.

Eidi A, Eidi M, Al-Ebrahim M, Haeri Rohani A, Mortazavi P. 2010. Protective effects of sodium molybdate on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 14: 67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.12.003

Fani Makki O, Omidi A, Afzali N, Sarir H, Frouzanmehr M & Shibak A. 2014. Effecacy of  Silybum Marianum seeds in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in Broilers. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 8:977-982.

Gad AS, Khadrawy YA, El-Nekeety AA, Mohamed SR, Hassan NS & Abdel-Wahhab MA. 2011. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of whey protein and Spirulina in rats. Nutrition, 27: 582-589. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.002

Gebhardt R. 2002. Oxidative stress, plant-derived antioxidants and liver fibrosis. Planta Medica, 68: 289-296. DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-26761.

Guigas B, Naboulsi R, Villanueva GR, Taleux N, Lopez-Novoa JM, Leverve XM & El-Mir MY. 2007. The flavonoid silibinin decreases glucose-6-phosphate hydrolysis in perifused rat hepatocytes by an inhibitory effect on glucose-6-phosphatase. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 20:925-934. DOI: 10.1159/000110453

Harborne AJ. 1998. Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Springer. London, 302 Pages.

Horváth ME, González-Cabello R, Blázovics A, Looij MVD, Barta I, Müzes G, Gergely P & Fehér J. 2001.  Effect of silibinin and vitamin E on restoration of cellular immune response after partial hepatectomy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77: 227- 232. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00298-7

Huang YF, Ma HL, Wu DF, Zhou JI, Zhou KS & Qi ZY. 1992. Effect of chinese medicinal herbs additives on the growth of broilers. Journal of Fujian Agriculture College, 21: 93-96.

Janbaz KH, Saeed SA & Gilani AH. 2002. Protective effect of rutin on paracetamol-and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rodents. FITOTERAPIA, 73: 557-563. DOI: 10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00217-4

Johnson KE, Knopper LD, Schneider DC, Ollson CA & Reimer KJ. 2009. Effects of local point source polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination on bone mineral density in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Science of the Total Environment, 407: 5050–5055. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.004

Katiyar SK. 2005. Silymarin and skin cancer prevention: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 26: 169-176. DOI: 10.3892/ijo.26.1.169

Khan TH & Sultana S. 2009. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Aegle marmelos Correa. against CCl4-induced oxidative stress and early tumor events. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 24: 320-327. DOI: 10.1080/14756360802167754

Khodadust MR, Samadi F, Ganji F, Jafari Ahangari Y & Asadi GH. 2015. Effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) alcoholic extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in broiler chickens under heat stress condition. Poultry Science Journal, 3: 1-16. DOI: 10.22069/psj.2015.2323

Kim JL, Park SH, Jeong D, Nam JS & Kang YH. 2012. Osteogenic activity of silymarin through enhancement of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in osteoblasts and tibia fractured mice. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 237: 417-428. DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011376

Kim WK, Donalson LM, Herrera CL, Woodward LF, Kbena DJ, Nisbet & Ricke. 2004. Effects of different Bone preparation methods (fresh, dry, and fat-free dry) on bone parameters and the correlations between bone breaking strength and the other bone parameters. Poultry Science, 83: 1663-1666. DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.10.1663

Liel Y, Shany S, Smirnoff P, & Schwartz B. 1999. Estrogen increases 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors expression and bioresponse in the rat duodenal mucosa. Endocrinology, 140: 280-285. DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.1.6408

Manibusan MK, Odin M & Eastmond DA. 2007. Postulated carbon tetrachloride mode of action: A review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 25: 185-209. DOI: 10.1080/10590500701569398

Meneely G & Wyttenbach CR. 1989. Effects of the organophosphate insecticides diazinon and parathion on bobwhite quail embryos: Skeletal defects and acetylcholinesterase activity. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 252: 60-70. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520109

Nencini C, Giorgi G & Micheli L. 2007. Protective effect of silymarin on oxidative stress in rat brain. Phytomedicine, 14: 129-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.02.005

Owen JS. 1990. Extrahepatic cell membrane lipid abnormalities and cellular dysfunction in liver disease. Drugs, 40: 73-83. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199000403-00008

Paglia DE & Valentina WN. 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70: 158-169.

Pisarski RK & Kwiecien M. 2003. The effect of hulless oats and Barley upon the chemical composition and durability of broiler chickens tibia bones. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, 21: 215- 221.

Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Romanek CS, Alvarez-lloret P & Gaines KF. 2006. Effect of in ovo exposure to PCBs and Hg on clapper rail bone mineral chemistry from a contaminated salt marsh in coastal georgia. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 4936–4942. DOI: 10.1021/es060769x

Samudram P, Rajeshwari H, Vasuki R, Geetha A & Sathiya P. 2008. Hepatoprotective activity of Bi-herbal ethanolic extract on CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 2: 61-65.

SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2003. SAS/STAT 9. User’s Guide. SAS Intitute Inc. Cary, North Carolina.

Schaffer S, Eckert GP, Müller WE, Llorach R, Rivera D, Grande S, Galli C & Visioli F. 2004. Hypochlorous acid scavenging properties of local mediterranean plant foods. Lipids, 39: 1239-1247. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1353-9

Sharma A, Sharma MK & Kumar M. 2006. Protective effect of Mentha piperita against arsenic-induced toxicity in liver of swiss albino mice. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &Toxicology, 100: 249–257. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.00030.x

Skottova N & Krecman V. 1998. Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug. Physiological Research, 47: 1-7.

Sonkusale P, Bhandarker AG, Kurkare NV, Ravikanth K, Maini S & Sood D. 2011. Hepatoprotective activity of superliv liquid and repchol in CCl4 induced FLKS syndrome in broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10: 49-55.

Soni B, Visavadiya NP, Madamwar D. 2008. Ameliorative action of cyanobacterial phycoerythrin on CCl 4-induced toxicity in rats. Toxicology, 248: 59-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.008

Sunita P & Pattanayak SP. 2011. Phytoestrogens in postmenopausal indications: A theoretical perspective. Pharmacognosy Review, 5: 41-47. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79098

Tahmasbi AM, Mirakzehi MT, Hosseini SJ, Agah MJ & Kazemi Fard M. 2012.  The effects of phytase and root hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera on productive performance and bone mineralisation of laying hens in the late phase of production. British Poultry Science, 53: 204-214 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.662628

Tollba AAH, Shabaan SAM & Abdel-Mageed MAA. 2010. Effects of using aromatic herbal extracts and blended with organic acids on productive and physiological performance of poultry. 2- The growth during cold winter stress. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 30: 229-248.

Vayalil PK, Elmets CA & Katiyar SK. 2003. Treatment of green tea polyphenols in hydrophilic cream prevents UVB-induced oxidation of lipids and proteins, depletion of antioxidant enzymes and phosphorylation of MAPK proteins in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Carcinogenesis, 2: 927-936. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgg025

Wauquier F, Leotoing L, Coxam V, Guicheux J & Wittrant Y. 2009. Oxidative stress in bone remodeling and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 15: 468-477. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.08.004

Woolliams JA, Wiener G, Anderson PH & Mcmurray CH. 1983. Variation in the activities of glutathione-peroxidase and superoxide-dismutase and in the concentration of copper in the blood in various breed crosses of sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 34: 253-256.

Zhang B & Coon CN. 1997. The relationship of various tibia bone measurements in hens. Poultry Science, 76: 1698-1701. DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.12.1698

Poultry Science Journal

Volume 5, Issue 2
Summer and Autumn 2017
Pages 97-104

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics