Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401The Use of Housing System in the Management of Heat Stress in Poultry Production in Hot and Humid Climate: a Review19399810.22069/psj.2018.13880.1284ENA OloyoDepartment of Architectural Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, NigeriaJournal Article20170824There is a gap between the population growth and protein supply in many tropical countries where per capita income is low and the majority of people consume less protein than a daily standard for recommended protein intake. Poultry egg production remains the fastest route to bridging the protein demand-supply gap in these regions. However, poultry are faced with heat stress in the tropics which is deleterious to health and productive performance of laying and meat production. In addition, the problem limits dietary protein supply in the affected countries. The harmful effects of heat stress may be alleviated if attention is paid to sources of heat generation in the design and construction of the open poultry houses. This review discusses the internal climatic conditions of the poultry houses, how the birds respond to them, and their implications on heat management for poultry production. Hence, this paper provides pertinent information for guidance on parameters for open poultry houses architectural design that ensures optimum climatic conditions that will alleviate heat stress problem in poultry production in hot and humid climate.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_3998_854f51f3b83faafc4eca01728c6a0f55.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Effect of In Ovo Injection of VG/GA Vaccine, an Apathogenic Enteric Strain of Newcastle Disease Vaccine and Aluminum Hydroxide as an Adjuvant on Hatchability and Immune Response of Commercial Pullets1118399910.22069/psj.2018.14052.1291ENP Soleimani RoudiDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranA GolianDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-9419-1175MR BassamiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranAR HaghparastDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranR Majidzadeh HeraviDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20171010Current vaccination strategies for commercial poultry using live attenuated and inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines have some limitation and difficulties, and new vaccines with distinct features are needed. Recently, <em>in ovo</em> vaccination technology is concerned as a safe, efficacious, and convenient method. Common ND vaccines used in chickens cannot be employed <em>in ovo</em> due to embryo toxicity and high early mortality. One of the agents that may lead to attenuate ND virus (NDV) strains is aluminum hydroxide (AH) as an adjuvant. The objective of this study was to evaluate AH ability to attenuate NDV for <em>in ovo</em> administration of commercial pullets. Three hundred sixty fertile eggs of a Bovans strain as a factorial arrangement of six doses of the ND vaccine (50% egg infectious (EID50) of 0, 10<sup>2</sup>, 10<sup>3</sup>, 10<sup>4</sup>, 10<sup>5</sup>, and 10<sup>6</sup>) with or without AH were ordered into 12 groups. At 18 d of incubation 0.1 mL of the inoculums was injected into the amniotic fluid of eggs. On the farm, each treatment group was further subdivided into two groups and one of these groups received ND-B1 vaccine on day seven post-hatch. Lowest hatchability was recorded in groups vaccinated with doses of 10<sup>5</sup> and 10<sup>6</sup> EID50. On day 21, the highest hem agglutination inhibition (HI) was detected for group vaccinated with dose 10<sup>2 </sup>EID50. Furthermore, hatchability and ND-HI titer were found to be up for pullets received AH <em>in ovo</em> on day 42 posthatch. The results of this study indicated that aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant could significantly improve hatchability and immune efficacy of pullets when used <em>in ovo</em>. Further, lentogenic VG/GA strain-Avinew will have the potential for application as <em>in ovo</em> vaccine against Newcastle disease, if the vaccine is prepared with sufficient dose.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_3999_8fb7210f539db0a8e1cb7730b2a65fd4.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Effect of Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Morpholog yin Broiler Chickens1924400010.22069/psj.2018.13854.1279ENB AhmadipourDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranF KhajaliDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranMR SharifiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranJournal Article20160816This study evaluates the effects of different levels of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplement on growth performance and gut morphology in broilers (Ross 308 strain) raised at high altitude (2100 m). A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicate pens of 15 birds in each. Five dietary treatments were prepared by supplementing GAA at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg to corn-soy based diet and fed to broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Results indicated that weight gain and feed:gain ratio was significantly improved in the chickens when GAA was supplemented to control diet. Carcass and breast yields were significantly increased by GAA supplementation at 1 g/kg relative to the control. On the other hand, dietary inclusion of GAA significantly (<em>p </em>< 0.05)reduced the proportions of liver, heart and abdominal fat when compared to the control. The villus height, width and absorptive surface area in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum sections were significantly improved at GAA supplementation above 0.5 g/kg. However, the crypt depth showed a significant decrease in all parts of the small intestine compared to the control (<em>p </em>< 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with GAA could be an effective strategy to improve growth performance and gut function.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4000_7303ba96b35349a7c04d6695c5e0a2b8.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Response of Broiler Chickens to Triticale-Based Diets Supplemented with Microbial Enzymes (1. Growth and Intestinal Function)2540400110.22069/psj.2018.13811.1280ENAE WidodoSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaJV NolanSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaM AkterSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaHM O’NeillAB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, UKP IjiSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaJournal Article20170817A total of 384 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 8 dietary treatments to examine the influence of supplementation with xylanase and phytase, individually or in combination, in diets based on two new cultivars of triticale (Bogong and Canobolas). The inclusion of phytase alone in either Bogong or Canobolas diets increased (<em>P </em>< 0.01) feed intake and body weight; however, the effect of grain was not significant. The ileal digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, starch, calcium, and phosphorus was increased by inclusion of phytase and xylanase (<em>P </em>< 0.05). The interaction between xylanase and phytase positively influenced (<em>P </em>< 0.01) the digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, calcium, and phosphorus. Ileal viscosity was decreased (<em>P </em>< 0.05) by the inclusion of xylanase and phytase individually or in combination. The inclusion of phytase and xylanase increased (<em>P </em>< 0.001) the phytate-P degradation. Birds on Bogong-based diet had a higher (<em>P </em>< 0.05) degradation of phytate than those on the Canobolas-based diet. The weight of various visceral organs on day 7 was not affected by the inclusion of enzymes, nevertheless the weight of proventriculus plus gizzard was higher (<em>P </em>< 0.01) for chickens offered Canobolas-based than chicks on the Bogong-based diets. On day 21, the liver weight was reduced (<em>P </em>< 0.001) by the inclusion of phytase. An interaction (<em>P </em>< 0.01) between grain and phytase inclusion led to an increased weight of proventriculus plus gizzard on the Bogong diets with phytase. The inclusion of xylanase increased (<em>P </em>< 0.01) maltase activity at the jejunum on day 7, while it decreased the pancreatic protein content on day 21. The activity of chymotrypsin amidase was reduced (<em>P </em>< 0.01) by the inclusion of phytase. These results show that supplementation of phytase and xylanase to triticale-based diets can improve broiler performance by increasing the activities of some digestive enzymes and nutrient utilization.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4001_a16df80492a49d2b2114f55635871f99.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Response of Broiler Chickens to Triticale-Based Diets Supplemented with Microbial Enzymes (2. Microbial Profiles and Activities)4150400210.22069/psj.2018.13813.1281ENAE WidodoSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaJV NolanSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaM AkterSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaHM O’NeillAB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, UKP IjiSchool of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, AustraliaJournal Article20170817The microbial profiles and activities of microbes in the digesta from chickens on diets containing Bogong or Canobolas with or without inclusion of microbial enzymes were investigated on the 384 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens. There was a reduction in population of <em>C. perfringens</em> (<em>P </em>< 0.01) of the ileum as a result of interaction between cultivar and xylanase. On the other hand, in the ceca, the population of entero bacteria were reduced (<em>P </em>< 0.01) by the interaction between grain and phytase, as well as the interaction between grain, xylanase and phytase. Also, the inclusion of xylanase reduced the population of <em>C. perfringens</em>in the ceca<em>.</em> The cecal concentration of acetic acid (<em>P <</em> 0.05) and butyric plus isobutyric acid (<em>P <</em>0.01) was increased in birds received Bogong and Canobolas diets. Supplementation of xylanase in Bogong diets increased (grain x xylanase, <em>p </em>< 0.05) the acetic acid and lactic acid concentration in ceca while the reversed was the case for Canobolas diets. The ileal and cecal pH was not affected by grain, the inclusion of xylanase and phytase or interactions between these factors. It can be concluded that diets containing Bogong or Canobolas diets supplemented with phytase and xylanase influenced the microbial profile and their activities in gastrointestinal tract which may be due to the variation in nutrient content of these two cultivars.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4002_978a6b8b9570cf9246ab8c3d3f1c7366.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401The Physiological Responses to Dietary Administration of Zinc Bacitracin and Bacillus Mixture on Low-Weight Day-Old Chicks5162400310.22069/psj.2018.14251.1301ENS SugihartoDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia0000-0002-9875-7508T YudiartiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, IndonesiaI IsroliDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, IndonesiaE WidiastutiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, IndonesiaJournal Article20171116This study investigated the responses of low-weight day-old chicks to zinc bacitracin and <em>Bacillus</em> mixture on growth performance, hematology, intestinal selected microbiota populations, and carcass characteristics. A total of 192 unsexed Lohman MB-202 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups of 48 chicks each (6 replicates of 8 chicks) and fed for 35 days. The four treatments were CONT (basal diet without supplementation), AGP (basal diet with 0.04% zinc bacitracin), PROB (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% <em>Bacillus</em> mixture), and PROB+AGP (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% <em>Bacillus</em> mixture and 0.04% zinc bacitracin). There were no significant differences in final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The relative weight of thymus was higher (<em>p </em>= 0.01) in AGP than that in PROB and PROB+AGP birds. Birds in PROB+AGP had lower (<em>p </em>= 0.04) values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme compared to those in CONT and AGP groups, but the difference was not significant when compared with birds in PROB group. Serum creatinine was lower (<em>p </em>< 0.01) in PROB+AGP than in CONT and AGP birds. Birds in AGP group tended (<em>P </em>= 0.09) to have higher globulin concentration in the serum compared to other birds. There was also a tendency (<em>p </em> = 0.07) for PROB+AGP birds to have higher albumin to globulin ratio compared with other birds. There was more lactic acid bacteria in ileal digesta (<em>p </em> = 0.05) in PROB+AGP than in AGP birds, but the difference was not significant when compared to CONT and PROB birds. Birds in AGP group had higher (<em>P </em>= 0.05) relative breast weight compared to other birds. In conclusion, <em>Bacillus</em> mixture did not affect performance and hematological parameters, but increased the intestinal population of lactic acid bacteria in broiler chicks.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4003_0972ed1ca2aaecbf143c6f87b636b29d.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Nutritional Quality of Quail Feeds Used in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Uganda: Chemical and Energy Composition6370400410.22069/psj.2018.14150.1294ENJ NasakaDepartment of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaJB NizeyiDepartment of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaS OkelloDepartment of Livestock and Industrial Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaCB KatongoleDepartment of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaJournal Article20171102Quail production is steadily gaining importance in developing countries like Uganda, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. However, inappropriate feeding practices such as using the same feed classes across different growth stagesor beyond the recommended growth stageshave been reported among quail farmers. This study evaluated the nutritional properties of quail diets used in urban and peri-urban areas of Uganda. Samples of three classes of quail feeds(starter, grower, and layer diets) were collected from quail farmers and poultry feed suppliers in Mukono, Kampala, and Wakiso districts. The samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), ether extract, crude fiber (CF), ash, calcium, phosphorus, and gross energy contents and then metabolizable energy (ME) contents of the samples were calculated. The data were compared with the minimum dietary specifications recommended for quails in the tropics. Results revealed a high variation in the nutritional quality and that the diets did not conform to the recommended specifications.The average CPcontents of starter and grower diets from farmers (17% and 15.9%, respectively) and feed suppliers (15.7% and 16.8%, respectively) were far lower (<em>p </em>< 0.05) than the minimum specifications for low-protein diets (24% and 20%, respectively). The average ME contents for all the feed classes were also lower (<em>p </em>< 0.05) than the minimum specifications. The diets were characterized by high ash and CF contents (averages ranged between 17.1-20.2% for ash and 5.5-6.3% for CF). The chemical and energy values obtained were in the range reported for chicken diets (in Uganda), which points to the use of diets formulated for chickens in quail feeding. In conclusion, it is necessaryto train and sensitize quail farmers and feed suppliersabout the benefits of using quail diets with adequate protein content, preferably produced based on protein sources that attract less or no competition from humans. Future research should identify such protein sources, their nutritional properties, and their potential use in quail diets.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4004_4f7d8126fa818641ff92fe18f1bc2cde.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Effect of High and Low Stocking Density on Age of Maturity, Egg Production, Egg Size Distribution in White and Brown Layer Hens: A Meta-analysis7187400510.22069/psj.2018.14112.1292ENR Akbari Moghaddam KakhkiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranR BakhshalinejadDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranKE AndersonPrestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USAA GolianDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-9419-1175Journal Article20171024Data of four layers flocks (#31-34) from North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services were used in the meta-analysis to find if an increase in space allowance can affect egg production traits in white and brown layers. Effects of space allowance of 310 and 413 cm<sup>2</sup>/bird on layers performance were compared in this study. The increase in space allowance resulted in a significant improvement in egg production, egg mass and daily feed intake in both white and brown layers throughout the first (approximately 490-d; <em>p </em>< 0.001) and second (approximately till 760-d; <em>p </em>< 0.05) cycles of egg production.Space allowance did not affect age of maturity and final body weight at the end of first egg production cycle in both types of layers. Increasing birds space allowance resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate of white layers (<em>p </em>< 0.001) in the first egg production cycle and in the first (<em>p </em>=0.015) and second (<em>p </em>=0.027) egg production cycles in brown layers. The increase in space allowance significantly improved egg weight (<em>p </em>< 0.001) in white layers in the first egg production cycle. A significant increase in egg weight was observed in the first (<em>p </em>=0.014) and second (<em>p </em>=0.050) egg production cycles in brown layers in response to increasing birds space allowance. Egg size distribution was significantly influenced by the space allowance during both egg production cycles in white and brown layers. Space allowance is a management tool that can be used to optimize egg production traits, mortality and egg size distribution in both white and brown layers. Space allowance of 413 cm<sup>2</sup>/bird could significantly improve egg production and egg size distribution in first and second egg production cycle compared to 310 cm<sup>2</sup>/bird.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4005_b751f00032681b0b413dd6cc00bb38da.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Evaluation of Miswak(Salvadorapersica)asaHerbalAdditive in Broiler Chickens8997400610.22069/psj.2018.14348.1304ENM HoushmandDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran0000-0002-1520-6576M Nikouzad ShahrakiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranMR Bahreini BehzadiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranJournal Article20171203We determined the effects of dietary supplementation of different doses of Miswak (<em>Salvadorapersica</em>) steam and leaf powder on the performance, blood parameters, cecal flora, and carcass traits of broilers. Four hundred and eight one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were provided one of the following experimental diets over 42 days: a basal diet without any additives, or a basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% Miswak powder. Four replicates of 17 birds were allocated to each treatment. Neither broiler performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) during starter (d 1-21), finisher (d 22-42), and the overall period (d 1-42) of the study, nor blood parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were influenced by experimental treatments (<em>P </em>> 0.05). Chicks fed diets containing 0.4% Miswak had higher (<em>p </em>< 0.05) cecal<em> Lactobacillus </em>than the control group at day 42. Furthermore, 0.6% and 0.8% Miswak reduced the number of cecal<em> E coli</em> compared to the control diet (<em>P </em>< 0.05). There were no significant differences in carcass yield and the relative weights of thigh, breast, and abdominal fat at day 42 (<em>P </em>> 0.05). In conclusion, we found that supplementation with Miswak powder had no beneficial effects on performance and blood parameters of broilers, but could improve cecal bacteria counts at levels greater than 0.4%.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4006_08a289248974cae5f6068310acba02ca.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesPoultry Science Journal2345-66046120180401Effect of Different Levels of Nano-selenium on Performance, Blood Parameters, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics of BroilerChickens99108400710.22069/psj.2018.13815.1276ENM Ahmadi1Department of Animal Science, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, IranA AhmadianDepartment of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranAR SeidaviDepartment of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranJournal Article20170811The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that nano- seleniuminclusion in broilers’ diets can improve productivity and metabolic functions of broilers.Feed and water were provided <em>ad libitum</em>. A total of 180 one-day old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to six groups based on a completely randomized design, each with three replicates of 10 birds. One of the groups served as the control (CON) and was given a basal diet without further dietary supplementation, whereas the other five groups were offered the same starterandgrower diets further supplemented with dietary nano-selenium (NS) at 0.1 mg/kg of feed (NS1), 0.2 mg/kg of feed (NS2), 0.3 mg/kg of feed (NS3), 0.4 mg/kg of feed (NS4), and 0.5 mg/kg of feed (NS5). Nano-selenium dietary supplementation significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in starter (1<sup>st</sup>-21<sup>st</sup> day), grower (22<sup>nd</sup>-42<sup>nd</sup> day) and whole (1<sup>st</sup>-42<sup>nd</sup>) periods of experiment (<em>p </em>< 0.05). At the same time, energy and protein utilization was more efficient in NS supplemented groups than the control (<em>P </em>< 0.05). Breast and drumsticks percentages had higher values in the NS supplemented birds than the control (<em>P </em>< 0.05), while abdominal fat percentage had lower values in the NS supplemented birds than the control (<em>P </em>< 0.05).Significant differences in relative weight of testes were observed between treatments (<em>p </em>< 0.05). Glucose and total protein concentrations in blood plasma were not significantly different among the experimental groups (<em>P ></em>0.05). While, albumin levels in blood were decreased and anti-Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titer was increased after the dietary supplementation with the nano-selenium (<em>p </em>< 0.05). As conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the supplementation of nano-selenium in broiler diets could improve growth performance, carcass components and immune function, without negative effects on internal organs, and other carcass parameters and gastrointestinal parts.https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_4007_1b8dc6b15959165e9198cce1b316a96a.pdf