ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Dietary Omega-3 to Omega-6 Ratio on Growth Performance, Immune Response, Carcass Traits and Meat Fatty Acids Profile of Broiler Chickens
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary n-3 to n-6 ratio on performance, immune response, blood parameters and fatty acids profile of broiler chickens. A total number of 192 one day old broiler chicks were randomly alloctted into 6 groups. Chicks of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were fed balanced corn-soybean diets containing n-3 to n-6 ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9 and 1:11, respectively. Different n-3 to n-6 ratioes had no significant effect on growth performance parameters. The best dressing percentage was recorded in group 3 while no significant difference was noticed in the weight of organs except for a significant increase in the weight of gizzard in group 4. There was a variable effect of the n-3 to n-6 ratio on parameters of innate immunity. The highest lymphocyte percentage was detected in group 5. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) increased in wider ratio groups. The lowest glucose level was detected in group 4. Though serum albumin and total protein were decreased in group 3, serum globulin increased in groups 2 and 3. The lowest cholesterol content of breast meat was detected in group 3 and the highest content was detected in group 6. The cholesterol content of the thigh recorded opposite results. Narrow dietary n-3 to n-6 groups tended to record higher n-3 PUFAs content especially DHA in breast meat. While wider n-3 to n-6 ratio groups tended to deposit more SFAS, MUFAs and n-6 PUFAs than the narrower ratio groups. The best n-3 to n-6 ratio of breast meat was recorded in group 2 receiving dietary n-3 to n-6 ratio of 1:3. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that the dietary n-3 to n-6 ratio had no significant effect on growth performance of broiler chickens. The best dressing percentage was detected in group with the ratio of 1:5. The ratio of 1:3 recorded the best health state parameters.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1958_6bae821db8bfe764b348b6888165e71c.pdf
2014-12-30
71
94
10.22069/psj.2014.1958
Broiler
carcass traits
Immune response
Growth performance
Fatty acid composition
MI
El-Katcha
1
Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ME
El-Kholy
2
Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Zagazig University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
MA
Soltan
soltanlab@yahoo.com
3
Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
AH
EL-Gayar
4
General Authority of Veterinary Service, Egypt.
AUTHOR
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69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Levels of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaf Powder on the Performance and Meat Quality of Japanese Quail
A total of 240 Japanese quail chicks (1 d old) were used in a 42-d trial to study the effects of Artichoke leaf powder and vitamin E on growth performance and meat quality. This experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with 4 replicates of 15 quails in each, using a 4×2 factorial arrangement with diet and gender as the main effects. Four dietary treatments were formulated by addition of 2 levels (1.5 and 3 percent) of Artichoke leaf powder and 300 mg/Kg vitamin E to the basal diet. Results showed that supplementing the basal diet with Artichoke leaf powder and vitamin E significantly affected growth performance at 21 d of age (P). Dietary treatments significantly affected 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and water holding capacity (WHC) values of breast meat (P). The value of TBARS in breast meat was not affected by dietary levels of Artichoke leaf powder, whereas the value decreased significantly by vitamin E treatment (P). Quails receiving 1.5 percent Artichoke leaf powder and 300 mg/Kg vitamin E had significantly lower breast meat WHC than those receiving the basal diet (P). Breast meat crude fat and WHC were affected by gender (P). Dietary 3 percent Artichoke leaf powder increased the b* values of thigh meat compared with the control. The lightness of thigh and breast meat and also redness of thigh meat were affected by gender (P). In general, the results indicated that supplementation of diet by Artichoke leaf powder did not improve growth performance of quails, but may have a potential to improve the oxidative stability and meat quality.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1959_dd7d58d5f3120641a757a0ad89762857.pdf
2014-12-30
95
111
10.22069/psj.2014.1959
Artichoke
Meat quality
Performance
Japanese quail
F
Abbasi
1
Department of Animal and Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
AUTHOR
F
Samadi
2
Department of Animal and Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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76
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Drinking Thyme Essence (Thymus vulgaris L.) on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Selected Bacterial Population in Broiler Chickens
This study evaluated the effects of Drinking Thyme Essence (DTE) (Zero, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mL/L) on growth performance, immune response and changing of intestinal bacterial population in broiler chickens. A total number of 500 day old male broiler chicks (Ross 308), were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates and 25 chickens per each, based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Growth performances were assessed during the range of 8-21, 22-42 and 8-42 d. At 21 and 42 d blood serum titers including: Newcastle Disease (ND), Avian Influenza (AI), Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) were sampled. Bacterial populations in intestinal digesta were determined at the age of 21 and 42 d. DTE levels significantly (P) improved total weight gain and total feed conversion ratio as compared with the control group during 1-42 d of age. The titer of serum antibodies did not show significant differences between different treatments at the 21 or 42 d. Total count, E. coli, and Gram negative bacteria (GNB) at the age of 21 and 42 days showed a significantly (P) lower number compared with the control group. There was a significantly (P) higher number of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in DTE groups compared with control group at both ages of 21 and 42 d. In conclusion, different levels of DTE (especially at level of 0.20 mL/L) could improve the growth performance, immune response and intestinal lactic acid bacteria as a health index during different growth periods.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1960_1b78428bfe4a7bee868e07b7a9f8cdbe.pdf
2014-12-30
113
123
10.22069/psj.2014.1960
Broiler
Performance
Thyme essence
Immune response
Bacterial population
AA
Saki
1
Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M
Kalantar
2
Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
V
Khoramabadi
3
Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Alcicek A, Bozkurt M & Cabuk M. 2003. The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance. South African Journal Animal Science, 33: 89-94.
1
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3
Bolukbasi SC & Erhan MK. 2007. Effect of dietary thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) on laying hens performance and Escherichia coli (E.coli) concentration in feces. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1 : 55-58.
4
Chevallier A. 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. DK Publishing. Michigan. 336 Pages.
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7
Cross DE, Hillman K, Fenlon D, Deans SG, McDevitt RM & Acamovic T. 2004. Antibacterial properties of phytochemicals in aromatic plants in poultry diets. In: Acamovic T, Stewart C & Pennycott TW. (Eds). Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins. CAB International. Wallingford. Oxon. Pages, 175-180.
8
Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hilman K & Acamovic T. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in young chicks from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science, 48: 496-504.
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12
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31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Levels of Mushroom Waste (Agaricus bisporus) with or without Probiotic on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Breast Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mushroom waste and probiotic levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in broiler chickens. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two levels of probiotic supplementation (0 and recommended rate) and three levels of mushroom waste inclusion (0%, 3%, and 6%) was used in a completely randomized design using male broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain). Different levels of mushroom waste and probiotic had no significant effect on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens. Neither different levels of mushroom waste nor probiotic independently had any significant effect on carcass characteristics. However, the use of mushroom waste and probiotics significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content in chicken breast meat 30 days after storage (P). Breast meat pH value was significantly reduced by supplementation with probiotic 1 and 30 days after storage (P). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, inclusion of mushroom waste, particularly at 6% level, numerically improved growth performance and was effective in preventing meat oxidation.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1961_3e794be09ade219ce21396324a277475.pdf
2014-12-30
125
138
10.22069/psj.2014.1961
Broiler
Probiotic
Performance
Meat quality
Mushroom waste
A
Mazaheri
1
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
AUTHOR
M
Shams Shargh
2
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
B
Dastar
3
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
AUTHOR
S
Zerehdaran
4
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ahotupa M, Saxelin M & Korpela R. 1996. Antioxidative properties of Lactobacillus GG. Nutrition Today, 31: 515- 525.
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30
Murry AC, Hinton A & Buhr RJ. 2006. Effect of botanical probiotic containing lactobacilli on growth performance and populations of bacteria in the ceca, cloaca, and carcass rinse of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 344-350.
31
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32
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35
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45
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Powders on Performance, Organs Relative Weight and Some Immune System Parameters in Broiler Chickens
A total of 240 Ross 308 day-old male broiler chicks within a completely randomized design were used in this experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of turmeric powder and cinnamon powder on performance and some immune responses of broiler chickens. Dietary treatments were as follow: a corn-soybean meal basal diet (control); basal diet + 10 ppm avilamycin; basal diet + 2.5 g/Kg turmeric powder; basal diet + 7.5 g/Kg turmeric powder; basal diet + 2.5 g/Kg cinnamon powder; and basal diet + 7.5 g/Kg cinnamon powder. During the experiment, feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured in the beginning and the end of starter (0-21 d.) and grower (22-42 d.) periods. On 21 d. of age, two chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and blood samples were taken. Differential enumeration of heterophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were done. Also, antibody titers against IBV, IBD, and NDV vaccines were measured. Addition of 2.5 g/Kg turmeric powder increased body weight gain in the starter period and improved feed conversion ratio in the starter and entire periods of the experiment, when compared to the control (P). Also, inclusion of 10 ppm avilamycin into diet improved feed conversion ratio in the grower and entire periods of the experiment, comparing to the control (P). Inclusion of turmeric powder at 2.5 g/Kg or 7.5 g/Kg and cinnamon powder at 7.5 g/Kg declined the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P). The results of this study showed that turmeric powder at the level of 2.5 g/Kg would be a potential alternative for antibiotic growth promoters. Also, reducing heterophil to lymphocyte ratio by turmeric and cinnamon powders, introduce them as potential stress alleviators in broiler chickens.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1963_d774ebdb5f3d56ef4a8693eb7666ced3.pdf
2014-12-30
153
163
10.22069/psj.2014.1963
Broiler
turmeric
Cinnamon
Performance
Immune system
M
Naderi
1
Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
MR
Akbari
akbari-m@agr.sku.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
E
Asadi-Khoshoei
3
Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
K
Khaksar
4
Veterinary Directorate General of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Province, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
F
Khajali
5
Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
Al-Sultan SI. 2003. The effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on overall performance of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2: 351-353.
1
Al-Sultan SI & Gameel AA. 2004. Histopathological changes in the livers of broiler chickens supplemented with turmeric (Curcuma longa). International Journal of Poultry Science, 3: 333-336.
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Chandrasekaran CV, Sundarajan K, Edwin JR, Gururaja GM, Mundkinajeddu D & Agarwal A. 2013. Immune-stimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcuma longa extract and its polysaccharide fraction. Pharmacognosy Research, 5: 71–79.
5
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Durrani FR, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail SM, Chand N & Durrani Z. 2006. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1: 9-11.
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Zinc Sulfate and Organic Chromium Supplementation on the Performance, Meat Quality and Immune Response of Japanese Quails under Heat Stress Conditions
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of zinc sulfate and chromium picolinate on the performance, immune response and meat quality of Japanese quails under heat stress condition. The birds (n = 540; 7-d-old) were randomly assigned to 9 treatment groups consisting of 3 replicates of 20 birds each in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments [zinc (0, 40, 80 mg/Kg); chromium (0, 500, 1000 μg/Kg)]. Birds were kept in floor cages in a temperature controlled room and subjected to heat stress for 8 h/d (9.00 to 17.00) from 7 d to the end of the study. Zn was supplemented to the basal diet as ZnSO4 and Cr as chromium picolinate. A linear decrease in feed intake and an improvement in feed conversion ratio were found by supplementing Zn and Cr to the quails diets. Chromium supplementation increased daily weight gain linearly. By increasing the level of dietary Zn and Cr in the diet, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and meat quality parameters were improved linearly. The results of this study revealed positive effects of Zn and Cr supplementation on the performance, immune responses and meat quality of quails under heat stress condition. It seems that supplementation of the quail's diets with 80 mg/Kg Zn and 1000 mg/Kg Cr can be greatly helpful for improving the adverse effects of heat stress.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1964_1eb8d6709eff90e2fc8b61197cbb5ec8.pdf
2014-12-30
165
181
10.22069/psj.2014.1964
Zinc
chromium
Japanese quail
Meat quality
Immune response
SM
Rouhalamini
1
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
M
Salarmoini
salarmoini@uk.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gh
Asadi-Karam
3
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Bahrami A, Moeini MM, Ghazi SH & Targhibi MR. 2012. The effect of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium supplementation on immune function of broiler chicken under heat-stress conditions. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 21: 209-215.
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73
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Rare Case Report of duplicate Vents in a Broiler Breeder Hen (Case Report)
Malformations which occur during the development of the avian body organs can lead to structural and functional abnormalities. Most defects are recognized at hatching, but some go undetected until somewhat later. The cause of the majority of animal congenital malformations is unknown. A significant proportion of congenital malformations of unknown cause are likely to have an important genetic component. Malformations of the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems have been observed. This report describes a rare case of duplicate vents in a broiler breeder 33 week-old hen. A normal calcified egg was present in the left oviduct and right oviduct was atrophied. Both cloaca were anatomically normal, and each of them had a complete structure of coprodeum, urodeum and proctodeum. Double vents’ anomalies in breeder hens were only reported by Crew and Roberts in 1928 - 1929 and have not been reported after this time yet.
https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_1966_fc4b57bf47536566a8f046f332b7c935.pdf
2014-12-30
195
199
10.22069/psj.2014.1966
Case report
Vent duplicate
Broiler breeder
Congenital malformation
MS
Madadi
1
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
H
Karimi
karimi@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M
Azari
3
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ghazi SR & Dadras H. 1994. Duplication of limbs, ileum, caeca, rectum and cloaca in a day-old broiler chick. Journal of Anatomy, 185: 453.
1
Grewal GS, Singh B & Sahota PS, 1976. Congenital anomalies of domestic fowl: seven cases. Avian Disease, 20: 581-586.
2
Noden DM & Lahunta AD. 1985. The Embryology of Domestic Animals: Developmental Mechanisms and Malformations. 1st Ed. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore. 376 Pages.
3
Pourlis AF. 2011. Developmental malformations in avian species. Manifestations of unknown or genetic etiology - A Review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6: 401-415.
4
Sadler T. 1990. Langman’s Medical Embryology. 6th Ed. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore. 411 Pages.
5
Morgan W & Kohlmeyer W. 1957. Hens with bilateral oviducts. Nature, 180: 98.
6